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Pope & Talbot v. Canada

Type of decisionInterim Award
Date of decision26 June 2000
Tribunal
John Murray Dervaird (President)
Benjamin J. Greenberg
Murray J. Belman
Legal instrumentNorth American Free Trade Agreement
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Statements from this decision

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Definition of estoppel
IITs must be interpreted using the rules of interpretation laid down in the VCLT
The access to foreign markets by exporting goods produced by the investment is an important part of the “business” of an investment and, thus, can be subject to expropriation according to Article 1110 NAFTA
An expropriation requires a certain degree of interference with the investment; a substantial deprivation of the investor is necessary
Regulations can be exercised in a way that would constitute creeping expropriation and a blanket exception for regulatory measures would create a gaping loophole in international protections against expropriation
The phrase “measure tantamount to expropriation” does not broaden the scope of protection of Article 1110 NAFTA beyond the protection against direct and indirect expropriation
Granting and maintaining quotas for the exportation of goods is an advantage within the meaning of Article 1106 (3) NAFTA
Article 1106 (1) and (3) NAFTA have to be interpreted restrictively; consequently, as the enumeration of seven requirements in (1) and four in (3) is limiting in each case, three of the seven requirements that may not be imposed or enforced under Article 1106 (1) NAFTA may nonetheless be stipulated as conditions for the receipt of an advantage – these are Articles 1106 (1)(a), (f) and (g) NAFTA
Article 1106 NAFTA not only precludes a state from imposing an obligation to increase exports; its language could admit equally the imposition or enforcement at any given level or percentage of those exports
A tariff-rate export restraint regime is not a requirement for establishing, acquiring, expanding, managing, conducting or operating an investment within the meaning of Article 1106 (1)(a) NAFTA, even though the regime decreases exports
Articles 1106 (1)(e) and (3)(d) NAFTA preclude a host state from restricting sales or services in its territory only; they do not apply to exports
IITs must be interpreted using the rules of interpretation laid down in the VCLT
NAFTA must be interpreted using the rules of interpretation laid down in the VCLT
Granting and maintaining quotas for the exportation of goods is an advantage within the meaning of Article 1106 (3) NAFTA
Article 1106 (1) and (3) NAFTA have to be interpreted restrictively; consequently, as the enumeration of seven requirements in (1) and four in (3) is limiting in each case, three of the seven requirements that may not be imposed or enforced under Article 1106 (1) NAFTA may nonetheless be stipulated as conditions for the receipt of an advantage – these are Articles 1106 (1)(a), (f) and (g) NAFTA
Article 1106 NAFTA not only precludes a state from imposing an obligation to increase exports; its language could admit equally the imposition or enforcement at any given level or percentage of those exports
A tariff-rate export restraint regime is not a requirement for establishing, acquiring, expanding, managing, conducting or operating an investment within the meaning of Article 1106 (1)(a) NAFTA, even though the regime decreases exports
Articles 1106 (1)(e) and (3)(d) NAFTA preclude a host state from restricting sales or services in its territory only; they do not apply to exports
The access to foreign markets by exporting goods produced by the investment is an important part of the “business” of an investment and thus can be subject to expropriation according to Article 1110 NAFTA
An expropriation requires a certain degree of interference with the investment; a substantial deprivation of the investor is necessary
Regulations can be exercised in a way that would constitute creeping expropriation and a blanket exception for regulatory measures would create a gaping loophole in international protections against expropriation
The phrase “measure tantamount to expropriation” does not broaden the scope of protection of Article 1110 NAFTA beyond the protection against direct and indirect expropriation

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