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Grand River Enterprises Six Nations v. USA

Type of decisionAward
Date of decision12 January 2011
Tribunal
Fali Nariman (President)
James Anaya
John Crook
Legal instrumentNorth American Free Trade Agreement
Further information

Statements from this decision

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Customary international law may require governments to consult indigenous peoples as collective communities, but not as individual investors
Neither Article 1105 NAFTA nor customary international law generally prohibit discrimination against foreign investments
Although not binding precedents, previous NAFTA awards are more relevant and appropriate on jurisdictional aspects than decisions in non-NAFTA cases
Terms should not be interpreted broadly or narrowly, but according to their plain meaning
Deposition of money into escrow accounts does not constitute an investment
Expropriation requires a very significant deprivation of an investment; it is not sufficient that the state action impaired only a limited portion of the value of an otherwise ongoing and profitable investment
Domestic law and international treaties cannot be sources of legitimate expectations if the rules in question are contested or unsettled
Reasonable expectations must be based on a representation or conduct by a state party; it is not decisive whether or not the investor is right on a contested legal proposition that would favour him or her
Article 1105 NAFTA does not incorporate legal protection provided under other sources of law
Even if customary international law grants an investor a right, a violation of that right constitutes a breach of Article 1105 NAFTA only if that right is part of the minimum protection assured to all alien investors
The fact that the same legal regime is applicable to both a domestic investor and the claimant is an indication of the investors or investments being in like circumstances
The fact that the same legal regime is applicable to both a domestic investor and the claimant is an indication of the investors or investments being in like circumstances
A tribunal's limited jurisdiction influences the applicable law
Terms should not be interpreted broadly or narrowly, but according to their plain meaning
"Take into account" does neither allow a tribunal to import into NAFTA legal elements from other treaties nor does it allow alteration of an interpretation established through the VCLT
Terms should not be interpreted broadly or narrowly, but according to their plain meaning
An investment must be located in the territory of the same NAFTA party which issues the measure allegedly violating NAFTA and the investor must not have the nationality of this party
Deposition of money into escrow accounts does not constitute an investment
The fact that the same legal regime is applicable to both a domestic investor and the claimant is an indication of the investors or investments being in like circumstances
The fact that the same legal regime is applicable to both a domestic investor and the claimant is an indication of the investors or investments being in like circumstances
Article 1105 NAFTA does not incorporate legal protection provided under other sources of law
Even if customary international law grants an investor a right, a violation of that right constitutes a breach of Article 1105 NAFTA only if that right is part of the minimum protection assured to all alien investors
Article 1105 NAFTA requires that the state measure affects the investment, not just the investor
Neither Article 1105 NAFTA nor customary international law generally prohibit discrimination against foreign investments
Expropriation requires a very significant deprivation of an investment; it is not sufficient that the state action impaired only a limited portion of the value of an otherwise ongoing and profitable investment
Domestic law and international treaties cannot be sources of legitimate expectations if the rules in question are contested or unsettled
Reasonable expectations must be based on a representation or conduct by a state party; it is not decisive whether or not the investor is right on a contested legal proposition that would favour him or her
Although not binding precedents, previous NAFTA awards are more relevant and appropriate on jurisdictional aspects than decisions in non-NAFTA cases
Definition of "affiliated enterprise", Article 1139(d) NAFTA
Deposition of money into escrow accounts does not constitute an investment
A tribunal's limited jurisdiction influences the applicable law

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